Remanufacturing as a means for achieving low-carbon SMEs in Indonesia

Remanufacturing can reduce the energy intensity and associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions significantly and increase the eco-efficiency of product systems by utilizing recovered end-of-life parts. This paper presents the GHG mitigation potential of technically feasible remanufactured alternators in Indonesian small- and medium-sized enterprizes. Life cycle assessment approach and Weibull ++8 software have been used to calculate environmental and quality parameters. Since existing remanufactured alternators have not been found to meet the technical criterion for customers’ satisfaction, a number of alternative remanufacturing strategies have been explored to identify an option that has not only reduced GHG emissions but also has satisfied reliability, durability and warranty period criterion. Three improvement scenarios involving three different remanufacturing strategies were investigated in this case study, and yielded useful insights in order to come up with a technically feasible remanufacturing strategy for reducing a significant amount of GHG emissions. The improvement scenario III, which maximizes the use of used components, was found to offer technically and environmentally feasible remanufacturing solutions. Overall, this research has found that about 7207 t of CO2 -eq GHG emissions and 111.7 TJ embodied energy consumption could potentially be avoided if 10 % of alternators in Indonesian automobile sector are remanufactured using technically feasible remanufacturing strategy

Nucleation of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks: from molecules to nanoparticles

We have studied the clusters involved in the initial stages of nucleation of Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks, employing a wide range of computational techniques. In the pre-nucleating solution, the prevalent cluster is the ZnIm4 cluster (formed by a zinc cation, Zn2+, and four imidazolate anions, Im−), although clusters such as ZnIm3, Zn2Im7, Zn2Im7, Zn3Im9, Zn3Im10, or Zn4Im12 have energies that are not much higher, so they would also be present in solution at appreciable quantities. All these species, except ZnIm3, have a tetrahedrally coordinated Zn2+ cation. Small ZnxImy clusters are less stable than the ZnIm4 cluster. The first cluster that is found to be more stable than ZnIm4 is the Zn41Im88 cluster, which is a disordered cluster with glassy structure. Bulk-like clusters do not begin to be more stable than glassy clusters until much larger sizes, since the larger cluster we have studied (Zn144Im288) is still less stable than the glassy Zn41Im88 cluster, suggesting that Ostwald's rule (the less stable polymorph crystallizes first) could be fulfilled, not for kinetic, but for thermodynamic reasons. Our results suggest that the first clusters formed in the nucleation process would be glassy clusters, which then undergo transformation to any of the various crystal structures possible, depending on the kinetic routes provided by the synthesis conditions. Our study helps elucidate the way in which the various species present in solution interact, leading to nucleation and crystal growth

Gnetum gnemon L.Gnetaceae

Cambodia: khalet, voe, (general), klot (Phnom Kulen). Indonesia: belinjo, melinjo (general), gnemo, rukiti (Molluccas), ka’cuang (Dayak Kanayatn), ko’nyah (Enggano ethnic in Sumatra), lewehuka, mlinjo, morahuka (Wonani Island), tangkil (Betawi, Javanese, Sundanese). Malaysia: amaninjau (general), dodah (Bidayuh), sabong (Bintulu), belinjau, garintul, meninjau, melindju, malinju, sabe, sangkok, tankil (Peninsular), sabong (Iban). Philippines: bago (general), bago, magatungal (Lanao, Cotabato), bago, bagu (Bataan, Tayabas, Camarines), banago (Visaya, Bohol), kunan (Davao), nabo (Bicol). Papua New Guinea: ambian, ambiamtupe (Maring), doro (Valaila), genda (Buna), suffitz (Yalu), tu-a (Suku). Singapura: melindjo. Thailand: puk miang (general), pee sae, phak miang (Thai), liang, miang phak kaniang, pak kaliang, peedae, phak (Southern Thailand). Vietnam: bet, gam cay, rau danh. English: Spanish koint fir (Asyira et al. 2016; Cadiz and Florido 2001; Chuakul et al. 2004; Manangka et al. 2017; Markgraf 1948; Neamsuvan et al. 2013; Rahayu et al. 2019; Royyani et al. 2018; Sunarti and Rugayah 2013; Ting et al. 2017; Walker 2016)